|
|
| Germanium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Ground state | 3P°0 |
| Atomic Volume | 13.6 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.01 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 5400 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 376.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 34.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 327.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 23.222 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 60.2 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 6.0 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | No data. |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.6771 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 5 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 109 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.899 |
| Second
|
15.934 |
| Third
|
34.22 |
| Incompatibilities | Acids. |
| Flammability |
|
| Combustible Solid, fine dust is easily ignited
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
9.88642 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
9.85532 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 14.4) |
10.9821 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 7.4) |
10.9759 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
1.188 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
1.188 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 31.4) |
1.2185 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 0.2) |
1.294 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 0.2) |
1.294 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 3) |
1.068 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 8.5) |
1.0386 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
125 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
125 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
122 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
114 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | VI | 0.87 | 0.73 | A |
| 4 | IV | 0.53 | 0.39 | * |
| VI | 0.67 | 0.53 | R* | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Ge+2, Ge+4 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
762.1 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1537 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3302 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4410 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
9020 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
11900 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
15000 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
18200 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
21800 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
27000 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Ge-H
|
288 |
| Ge-C
|
237 |
| Ge-O
|
363 |
| Ge-F
|
464 |
| Ge-Cl
|
340 |
| Ge-Ge
|
163 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | 2287 | 2633 | 3104 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Cubic close packed |
 |
a = 565.75 pm |
| b = 565.75 pm | |
| c = 565.75 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |